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PLASMA-ARC-FLOW RECYCLERS BUILT BY DR. R. M. SANTILLI

1. The birth of submerged electric arcs
Underwater electric arcs were discovered in the 19th century to repair metal ships soon following their advent. The combustible character of the gas produced by underwater arcs was discovered at that time by sailors assisting underwater welders, and was referred to as "fire on water," since the bubbles of gas reaching the sea surface would ignite.

Insufficiencies to produce a combustible gas
Despite 150 years of development, by the late 20th century no technology for the production and sale of combustible gases produced by underwater electric arcs had reached industrial maturity. The reasons were discovered by the Italian-American Physicist Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli (see his Curriculum, Prizes and Nobel Nominations, and Scientific Discoveries).

The first insufficiency of stationary submerged electric arc is a very low efficiency, namely, the ratio between the volume of gas produced and the used electric every is small, thus causing an excessive cost of the produced gas. The arc is one of the most effective means for the separation of liquid molecules. Consequently, a stationary submerged electric arc creates a plasma around the tips of the electrodes very rich of Hydrogen and Oxygen. But such a plasma is traversed by the arc itself. Therefore, most of the separated Hydrogen and Oxygen ignite via an implosion by reproducing in this way the original liquid state. Dr. Santilli states: The beautiful glow of an underwater arc is partially due to the combustion within the plasma around the tips of the electrodes of Hydrogen and Oxygen into water caused by the arc itself, with a consequential dramatic reduction of efficiency.

An additional insufficiency of the gas produced by conventional stationary submerged electric arcs is the high content of the green house gas CO₂ that was measured by Dr. Santilli as being up to 18% prior to combustion, with up to 27% percent CO₂ content in the combustion exhaust. Due to the expectation of substantial fines and charged for any release in the atmosphere of CO₂, such a feature, alone, prevented the industrial development of a combustible gas produced with a submerged electric arc.

the origin of the latter insufficiency was also identified by Dr. Santilli and consists in the fact that the plasma caused by an underwater electric arc around the tips of graphite electrodes is generally composed of mostly ionized atoms of Hydrogen H, Oxygen O and Carbon C. Due to the great affinity between Carbon and Oxygen (at the origin of life on Earth), Carbon and Oxygen combine by forming (the triple bonded, gaseous) Carbon Monoxide CO. But CO is combustible and, when traversed by an arc in the presence of Oxygen, burns by forming CO₂. thus explaining the indicate major environmental insufficiency. Additional insufficiencies discovered by Dr. Santilli are technical and are treated in the specialized literature (see Dr. Santilli's Scientific Discoveries).

Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli while vacationing at the Club Med in Turks and Caikos, April 2009.

Dr. Santilli new PlasmaArcFlow
Following systematic studies on all available technologies, Dr. Santilli confirmed that submerged electric arcs are the most efficient for the molecular separation of liquid molecules with consequential production of a combustible gas. As an illustration, it is known today that underwater electric arcs are at least ten times more efficient than electrolysis, in the sense that they require one tenth of the electric energy for the production of a gas with the same calorific value. This greater efficiency is due to the combustion of carbon in the plasma surrounding the tips of the carbon electrodes such as the synthesis of CO plus the synthesis of H₂ and other very esoenergetic reactions), whose energy output has been measured as being about twenty times the electric energy used by the arc. Evidently, carbon combustion does not exist in electrolysis, thus explaining its dramatically smaller efficiency compared to that of a submerged electric arc.

Following a systematic study of all available technologies, Dr. Santilli concluded in the mid 1990s submerged electric arcs are, by far, the most efficient means for the achievement of fuel independence via the gasification of virtually any type of liquid feedstock. He then embarked in systematic studies for the resolution of the insufficiencies of stationary submerged electric arcs indicated above.

In this way, Dr. Santilli discovered a new process based on submerged electric arcs, internationally known as Santilli PlasmaArcFlow^TM (patented and international patents pending) consisting in flowing the liquid feedstock through the arc so as to continuously remove from the arc Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide and other gases immediately following their creation. Therefore, Santilli PlasmaArcFlow process prevents the appreciable recombination of Hydrogen and Oxygen into water or the creation of Carbon Dioxide, by substantially increasing the efficiency and the environmental qualify of the produced combustible gas (for the scientific origin of the name "MagneGas', visit the Scientific Background, for the environmental qualifies of the produces gas, visit MagneGas for Automotive Use, and for the efficiency of Santilli PlasmaArcFlow Reactors visit Magnegas Refineries)

A schematic view of Santilli's PlasmaArcFlow process that continuously removes the plasma around the tips of a submerged electric arc, then controls the produced combustible gas bubbling to the surface for collection, while the liquid feedstock acquires a large amount of usable heat from the carbon combustion in the plasma.

Dr. Santilli's PlasmaArcFlow Refineries
By the mid 1990s, Dr. Santilli's calculations had indicated that a proper flow of the liquid feedstock through a submerged electric arc could allow an efficiency at least ten times bigger than that of a stationary arc, as well as the absence of appreciable CO₂, thus establishing the theoretical foundation for the industrial development of a clean burning and cost competitive combustible gas produced via the PlasmaArcFlow Process.

As shown in the pictures below, beginning with 1998, Dr. Santilli initiated a systematic research and development of PlasmaArcFlow Refineries that continues to this day. Firstly, he built a small Refinery for the specific purpose of proving the principle of his PlasmaArcFlow process with full success. Following that, he had to: test a large variety of possible PlasmaArcFlow configurations to ascertain that with the highest industrial; value; develop means for the completely automatic control of the submerged electric arc; optimize the means for the collection, compression and storage of the produced gas; develop means for the utilization of the produced heat; verify NEMA and and all needed safety requirements; specialize the PlasmaArcFlow process for different liquid feedstock., such as crude oil or sewage requiring substantially different refineries; achieve industrial maturity on other aspects.

Following large investments, this vast research and development reached industrial maturity in 2005 with the availability of the first completely automatic PlasmaArcFlow Refineries. The U. S. Public Company Magnegas Corporation was then founded in late 2007 for the production and sale of Magnegas fuels and PlasmaArcFlow Refineries. Dr. Santilli is continuing new research and development for the maximal utilization of the heat produced toward the future achievement of complete self-sufficiency for the production of the electricity used by the arc, an objective within theoretical and technological reach due to the every high energy content of Carbon.

PICTURES OF DR. SANTILLI'S REFINERIES FROM 1978>
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